Research evidence to support diet and nutrition for autism - Roni Enten Vissoker

Research evidence to support diet and nutrition for autism

I am often asked about the evidence to support the use of nutrition and dietary interventions in ASD. This is a list that could be updated daily, however it is a good start for those who are interested in reading more. Enjoy!

Eating/feeding problems in ASD

  1. Badalyan, V., & Schwartz, R. H. (2011a). Feeding problems and GI dysfunction in children with asperger syndrome or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; comparison with their siblings. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 1, 51-63.
  2. Mari-Bauset, S., Zazpe, I., Mari-Sanchis, A., Llopis-Gonzalez, A., & Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. (2013). Food selectivity in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Child Neurology, 29(11), 1554-1561
  3. Ledford, J. R., & Gast, D. L. (2006). Feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: A review. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21(3), 153-166.
  4. Badalyan, V., & Schwartz, R. H. (2011b). Mealtime feeding behaviors and gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with classic autism compared with normal sibling controls. Open Journal of Pediatrics, 2, 150-160.
  5. Bicer, A., & Alsaffar, A. (2013). Body mass index, dietary intake and feeding problems of turkish children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3978-3987.
  6. Broder-Fingert, S., Brazauskas, K., Lindgren, K., Iannuzzi, D., & Van Cleave, J. (2014). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a large clinical sample of children with autism. Academic Pediatrics, 14(4), 408-414.
  7. Cermak, S. A., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2010). Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(2), 238-246.
  8. Beighley, J. S., Matson, J. L., Rieske, R. D., & Adams, H. L. (2013). Food selectivity in children with and without an autism spectrum disorder: Investigation of diagnosis and age. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(10), 3497-3503.
  9. Kral, T., Eriksen, W., Souders, M., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2013). Eating behaviors, diet quality, and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: A brief review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 28(6), 548-556.
  10. Matson, J. (2009). The treatment of food selectivity and other feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(2), 455-461.
  11. Matson, J., Fodstad, J., & Dempsey, T. (2009). The relationship of children’s feeding problems to core symptoms of autism and PDD-NOS. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 759-766.
  12. Schreck, K., & Williams, K. (2006). Food preferences and factors influencing food selectivity for children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(4), 353-363.
  13. Schreck, K. A., Williams, K., & Smith, A. F. (2004). A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(4), 433-438.
  14. Seiverling, L., Williams, K., & Sturmey, P. (2010). Assessment of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22, 401-413.
  15. Sharp, W., Jaquessa, D., & Lukens, C. (2013). Multi-method assessment of feeding problems among children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(1), 56-65.
  16. Sharp, W. G., Berry, R. C., McCracken, C., Nuhu, N. N., Marvel, E., Saulnier, C. A., . . . Jaquess, D. L. (2013). Feeding problems and nutrient intake in children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis and comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2159-2173.
  17. Bandini, L.G.; Anderson, S.E.; Curtin, C.; Cermak, S.; Evans, E.W.; Scampini, R.; Maslin, M.; Must, A. Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Children. J. Pediatr. 2010, 157, 259–264.
  18. Toomey, K.A. & Sundseth Ross, E. (2011). SOS Approach to Feeding. American Speech-Language Association, 82-87.
  19. Dow, A. (2015). Individual case study: The SOS Approach to Feeding. Capstone. Nova Southeastern University, Retrieved from NSU Works, College of Health Care Sciences – Occupational Therapy Department (48).

Diet impact on ASD

  1. Adams JB, Audhya T, Geis E, et al. Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):369. Published 2018 Mar 17. doi:10.3390/nu10030369
  2. Cekic, H.; Sanlier, N. Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Neurosci. 2017, 1–11.
  3. De Magistris, L.; Picardi, A.; Siniscalco, D.; Riccio, M.P.; Sapone, A.; Cariello, R.; Abbadessa, S.; Medici, N.; Lammers, K.M.; Schiraldi, C.; et al. Antibodies against Food Antigens in Patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorders. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 2013, 1–11. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Vojdani, A.; O’Bryan, T.; Green, J.A.; Mccandless, J.; Woeller, K.N.; Vojdani, E.; Nourian, A.A.; Cooper, E.L. Immune response to dietary proteins, gliadin and cerebellar peptides in children with autism. Nutr Neurosci. 2004, 7, 151–161.
  5. Jyonouchi, H.; Geng, L.; Ruby, A.; Zimmerman-Bier, B. Dysregulated innate immune responses in young children with autism spectrum disorders: Their relationship to gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary intervention. Neuropsychobiology 2005, 51, 77–85.
  6. Lucarelli, S.; Frediani, T.; Zingoni, A.M.; Ferruzzi, F.; Giardini, O.; Quintieri, F.; Barbato, M.; D’eufemia, P.; Cardi, E. Food allergy and infantile autism. Panminerva Med. 1995, 37, 137–141.
  7. Knivsberg, A.M.; Reichelt, K.L.; Hoien, T.; Nodland, M. A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutr. Neurosci. 2002, 5, 251–261. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Whiteley, P., Shattock, P., Knivsberg, A. M., Seim, A., Reichelt, K. L., Todd, L.,.. Hooper, M. (2013). Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 344.
  9. Ghalichi F, Ghaemmaghami J, Malek A, Ostadrahimi A. Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr. 2016 Nov;12(4):436-442. doi: 10.1007/s12519-016-0040-z. Epub 2016 Jun 10. PMID: 27286693.
  10. Lee RWY, Corley MJ, Pang A, et al. A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiol Behav. 2018;188:205-211. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.006
  11. Konstantynowicz J, Porowski T, Zoch-Zwierz W, Wasilewska J, Kadziela-Olech H, Kulak W, Owens SC, Piotrowska-Jastrzebska J, Kaczmarski M. A potential pathogenic role of oxalate in autism. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012 Sep;16(5):485-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.08.004. Epub 2011 Sep 10. PMID: 21911305.
  • Whiteley, P.; Haracopos, D.; Knivsberg, A.M.; Reichelt, K.L.; Parlar, S.; Jacobsen, J.; Seim, A.; Pedersen, L.; Schondel, M.; Shattock, P. The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutr. Neurosci. 2010, 13, 87–100.

Nutritional supplementation

  1. Adams JB, Audhya T, Geis E, et al. Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):369. Published 2018 Mar 17. doi:10.3390/nu10030369
  2. Frye RE, Rossignol DA. Treatments for biomedical abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder. Front Pediatr. 2014 Jun 27;2:66. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00066. PMID: 25019065; PMCID: PMC4073259.
  3. Gogou, M.; Kolios, G. The effect of dietary supplements on clinical aspects of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Brain Dev. 2017, 39, 656–664.
  4. James, S.J.; Melnyk, S.; Fuchs, G.; Reid, T.; Jernigan, S.; Pavliv, O.; Hubanks, A.; Gaylor, D.W. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 425–430.
  5. Adams, J.B.; Audhya, T.; McDonough-Means, S.; Rubin, R.A.; Quig, D.; Geis, E.; Gehn, E.; Loresto, M.; Mitchell, J.; Atwood, S.; et al. Effect of a Vitamin/Mineral Supplement on Children and adults with Autism. BMC Pediatr. 2011, 11, 111.
  6. Mazahery, H.; Stonehouse, W.; Delshad, M.; Kruger, M.C.; Conlon, C.A.; Beck, K.L.; von Hurst, P.R. Relationship between Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2017, 9, 155.
  7. Amminger, G.P.; Berger, G.E.; Schäfer, M.R.; Klier, C.; Friedrich, M.H.; Feucht, M. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Children with Autism: A Double-blind Randomized, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61, 551–553.
  8. Bent, S.; Bertoglio, K.; Ashwood, P.; Bostrom, A.; Hendren, R.L. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2011, 41, 545–554.
  9. Yui, K.; Koshiba, M.; Nakamura, S.; Kobayashi, Y. Effects of Large Doses of Arachidonic Acid Added to Docosahexaenoic Acid on Social Impairment in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012, 32, 200–206.
  10. Geier, D.A.; Kern, J.K.; Davis, G.; King, P.G.; Adams, J.B.; Young, J.L.; Geier, M.R. A prospective double-blind, randomized clinical trial of levocarnitine to treat autism spectrum disorders. Med. Sci. Monit. 2011, 17, PI15–PI23.
  11. Fahmy, S.F.; El-hamamsy, M.H.; Zaki, O.K.; Badary, O.A. L-Carnitine supplementation improves the behavioral symptoms in autistic children. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 2013, 7, 159–166.
  12. Munasinghe, S.A.; Oliff, C.; Finn, J.; Wray, J.A. Digestive enzyme supplementation for autism spectrum disorders: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2010, 40, 1131–1138. Saad, K.; Eltayeb, A.A.; Mohamad, I.L.; Al-Atram, A.A.; Elserogy, Y.; Bjørklund, G.; El-Houfey, A.A.; Nicholson, B. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Digestive Enzymes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci. 2015, 13, 188–193.
  13. Saad, K.; Abdel-Rahman, A.A.; Elserogy, Y.M.; Al-Atram, A.A.; Cannell, J.J.; Bjørklund, G.; Abdel-Reheim, M.K.; Othman, H.A.; El-Houfey, A.A.; Abd El-Aziz, N.H.; et al. Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr. Neurosci. 2016, 19, 346–351.
  14. Saad, K.; Abdel-Rahman, A.A.; Elserogy, Y.M.; Al-Atram, A.A.; El-Houfey, A.A.; Othman, H.A.; Bjørklund, G.; Jia, F.; Urbina, M.A.; Abo-Elela, M.G.M.; et al. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatr. 2016, 59, 20–29.
  15. Dosman, C., Brian, J., Drmic, I., Senthilselvan, A., Harford, M., Smith, R.,… Roberts, S. (2007). Children with autism: Effect of iron supplementation on sleep and ferritin. Pediatric Neurology, 36(3), 152-158.
  16. Critchfield, J. W., van Hemert, S., Ash, M., Mulder, L., & Ashwood, P. (2011). The potential role of probiotics in the management of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 161358. Epub 2011.

Dietary/Nutritional status

Sharp, W.G., Berry, R.C., McCracken, C. et al. Feeding Problems and Nutrient Intake in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analysis and Comprehensive Review of the Literature. J Autism Dev Disord 43, 2159–2173 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1771-5

Graf-Myles, J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Royster, C., Kahn, P., Soskey, L.,… Swedo, S. (2013). Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(7), 449-459.

Meguid, N.A.; Anwar, M.; Bjørklund, G.; Hashish, A.; Chirumbolo, S.; Hemimi, M.; Sultan, E. Dietary adequacy of Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder compared to healthy developing children. Metab. Brain Dis. 2017, 32, 607–615.

Cosar A, I. O. (2013). Re. Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosed autism. Nutrition, 29(9), 1170.

Curtin, C., Anderson, S. E., Must, A., & Bandini, L. (2010). The prevalence of obesity in children with autism: A secondary data analysis using nationally representative data from the national survey of children’s health. BMC Pediatrics, 10, 11-2431-10-11.

Nutritional/Biochemical status

  1. Adams, J.B.; Audhya, T.; McDonough-Means, S.; Rubin, R.A.; Quig, D.; Geis, E.; Gehn, E.; Loresto, M.; Mitchell, J.; Atwood, S.; et al. Nutritional and Metabolic Status of Children with Autism vs. Neurotypical Children, and the Association with Autism Severity. Nutr. Metab. 2011, 8, 34.
  2. Rossignol, D. A., & Frye, R. E. (2012). A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: Immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(4), 389-401.
  3. James, S.J.; Cutler, P.; Melnyk, S.; Jernigan, S.; Janak, L.; Gaylor, D.W.; Neubrander, J.A. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 1611–1617.
  4. James, S.J.; Melnyk, S.; Jernigan, S.; Cleves, M.A.; Halsted, C.H.; Wong, D.H.; Cutler, P.; Bock, K.; Boris, M.; Bradstreet, J.J.; et al. Metabolic endophyenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2006, 141, 947–956.
  5. Damodaran, L. P., & Arumugam, G. (2011). Urinary oxidative stress markers in children with autism. Redox Report, 16(5), 216-222.
  6. Chauhan, A.; Chauhan, V.; Brown, W.T.; Cohen, I.L. Oxidative stress in autism: Increased lipid peroxidation and reduced serum levels of ceruloplasmin and transferrin—The antioxidant proteins. Life Sci. 2004, 75, 2539–2549.
  7. Chauhan, A.; Chauhan, V. Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology 2006, 13, 171–181.
  8. Al-Mosalem, O.A.; El-Ansary, A.; Al-Ayadhi, L. Metabolic biomarkers related to energy metabolism in Saudi autistic children. Clin. Biochem. 2009, 42, 949–957.
  9. Al-Gadani, Y.; El-Ansary, A.; Attas, O.; Al-Ayadhi, L. Metabolic biomarkers related to oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi autistic children. Clin. Biochem. 2009, 42, 1032–1040.
  10. Frustaci, A.; Neri, M.; Cesario, A.; Adams, J.B.; Domenici, E.; Bernardina, B.D.; Bonassi, S. Oxidative stress biomarkers in autism: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52, 2128–2141.
  11. El-Ansary, A.; Bjørklund, G.; Chirumbolo, S.; Alnakhli, O.M. Predictive value of selected biomarkers related to metabolism and oxidative stress in children with autism spectrum disorder. Metab. Brain Dis. 2017, 32, 1209–1221.
  12. Nardone, S.; Sams, D.S.; Zito, A.; Reuveni, E.; Elliot, E. Dysregulation of Cortical Neuron DNA Methylation Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb. Cortex 2017, 27, 5739–5754.
  13. Geier, D.A.; Kern, J.K.; Garver, C.R.; Adams, J.B.; Audhya, T.; Geier, M.R. A prospective study of transsulfuration biomarkers in autistic disorders. Neurochem. Res. 2009, 34, 386–393. Erratum in Neurochem. Res. 2009, 34, 394.
  14. O’Reilly, B.A.; Warning, R.H. Enzyme and Sulphur Oxidation Deficiencies in Autistic Children with Known Food/Chemical Sensitivities. J. Orthomol. Med. 1993, 8, 198–200.
  15. Alberti, A.; Pirrone, P.; Elia, M.; Waring, R.H.; Romano, C. Sulphation deficit in “low-functioning” autistic children: A pilot study. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46, 420–424.
  16. Rossignol, D.A.; Frye, R.E. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 2012, 17, 290–314.
  17. Frye, R. (2012). Biomarkers of abnormal energy metabolism in children with autism spectrum disorder. The North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 5(3), 141-147.
  18. Waring, R.H.; Klovrsa, L.V. Sulfur Metabolism in Autism. J. Nutr. Environ. Med. 2000, 10, 25–32.
  19. Weissman, J.R.; Kelley, R.I.; Bauman, M.L.; Cohen, B.H.; Murray, K.F.; Mitchell, R.L.; Kern, R.L.; Natowicz, M.R. Mitochondrial disease in autism spectrum disorder patients: A cohort analysis. PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e3815.
  20. Oliveira, G.; Diogo, L.; Grazina, M.; Garcia, P.; Ataíde, A.; Marques, C.; Miguel, T.; Borges, L.; Vicente, A.M.; Oliveira, C.R. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2005, 47, 185–189.
  21. Filipek, P.A.; Juranek, J.; Nguyen, M.T.; Cummings, C.; Gargus, J.J. Relative carnitine deficiency in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord 2004, 34, 615–623.
  22. Ghanizadeh, A. (2013). Increased glutamate and homocysteine and decreased glutamine levels in autism: A review and strategies for future studies of amino acids in autism. Disease Markers. 35(5), 281-286.
  23. Evans, C., Dunstan, R., Rothkirch, T., Roberts, T., Reichelt, K., Cosford, R.,… Sparkes, D. (2008). Altered amino acid excretion in children with autism. Nutrition Neuroscience, 11(1), 9-17.
  24. Russo, A., Bazin, A., Bigega, R., Carlson, R., Cole, M., Contreras, D.,…Warren, J. (2012). Plasma copper and zinc concentration in individuals with autism correlate with selected symptom severity. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 28(5), 41-47.
  25. Faber, S., Zinn, G., Kern, J., & Kingston, H. (2009). The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders. Biomarkers, 14(3), 171-180.
  26. Hergüner, S., Keleşoğlu, F., Tanıdır, C., & Cöpür, M. (2012). Ferritin and iron levels in children with autistic disorder. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171(1), 143-146.
  27. Latif, A., Heinz, P., & Cook, R. (2002). Iron deficiency in autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 6(1), 103-114.
  28. Hamlin, J., Pauly, M., Melnyk, S., Pavliv, O., Starrett, W., Crook, T., & James, S. (2013). Dietary intake and plasma levels of choline and betaine in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research and Treatment, Epub Dec 16.
  29. Naushad, S., Jain, J., Prasad, C., Naik, U., & Akella, R. (2013). Autistic children exhibit distinct plasma amino acid profile. Indian Journal Biochemical Biophysics, 50(5), 474-478.
  30. Arnold, G.H., SL, Mooney, R., & Kirby, R. (2003). Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: Potential risk of nutritional deficiencies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 449-454.

GI problems in ASD

  1. Horvath, K.; Perman, J.A. Autistic disorder and gastrointestinal disease. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2002, 14, 583–587.
  2. Buie, T.; Fuchs, G.J., 3rd; Furuta, G.T.; Kooros, K.; Levy, J.; Lewis, J.D.; Wershil, B.K.; Winter, H. Recommendations for evaluation and treatment of common gastrointestinal problems in children with ASDs. Pediatrics 2010, 125 (Suppl. 1), S19–S29.
  3. Adams, J.B.; Johansen, L.J.; Powell, L.D.; Quig, D.; Rubin, R.A. Gastrointestinal Flora and Gastrointestinal Status in Children with Autism—Comparisons to Neurotypical Children and Correlation with Autism Severity. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011, 11, 22.
  4. Buie, T.; Campbell, D.B.; Fuchs, G.J., 3rd; Furuta, G.T.; Levy, J.; Vandewater, J.; Whitaker, A.H.; Atkins, D.; Bauman, M.L.; Beaudet, A.L.; et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: A consensus report. Pediatrics 2010, 125 (Suppl. 1), S1–S18.
  5. Kang, D.W.; Adams, J.B.; Gregory, A.C.; Borody, T.; Chittick, L.; Fasano, A.; Khoruts, A.; Geis, E.; Maldonado, J.; McDonough-Means, S.; et al. Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study. Microbiome 2017, 5, 10.
  6. Kushak, R.I.; Lauwers, G.Y.; Winter, H.S.; Buie, T.M. Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism: Effect of age, gender, and intestinal inflammation. Autism 2011, 15, 285–294.
  7. Iovene, M.R.; Bombace, F.; Maresca, R.; Sapone, A.; Iardino, P.; Picardi, A.; Marotta, R.; Schiraldi, C.; Siniscalco, D.; Serra, N.; et al. Intestinal Dysbiosis and Yeast Isolation in Stool of Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Mycopathologia 2016, 182, 349–363.
  8. De Angelis, M., Piccolo, M., Vannini, L., Siragusa, S., De Giacomo, A., Serrazzanetti, D.,… Francavilla, R. (2013). Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS One, 8(10), e76993.
  9. de Magistris, L., Familiari, V., Pascotto, A., Sapone, A., Frolli, A., Iardino, P., . . . Bravaccio, C. (2010). Alterations of the intestinal barrier in patients with autism spectrum disorders and in their first-degree relatives. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 51(4), 418-424.
  10. Martirosian, G., Ekiel, A., Aptekorz, M., Wiechuła, B., Kazek, B., Jankowska-Steifer, E.,… Moskalewski, S. (2011). Fecal lactoferrin and clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children. Anaerobe, 17(11), 43-45.
  11. Maenner, M. J., Arneson, C. L., Levy, S. E., Kirby, R. S., Nicholas, J. S., & Durkin, M. S. (2012). Brief report: Association between behavioral features and gastrointestinal problems among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1520-1525.
  12. Kang, V., Wagner, G. C., & Ming, X. (2014). Gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 7(4), 501-506
  13. Kazek, B., Jamroz, E., Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk, U., Kajor, M., Ciupińska-Kajor, M., & Woś, H. (2010). Gastrointestinal disturbances in patients with autistic spectrum disorders. Neurologia Dziecięca, 19(38), 27-31.
  14. Peters, B., Williams, K. C., Gorrindo, P., Rosenberg, D., Lee, E. B., Levitt, P., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2014). Rigid–compulsive behaviors are associated with mixed bowel symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1425-1432.
  15. McElhanon, B. O., McCracken, C., Karpen, S., & Sharp, W. G. (2014). Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 133(5), 872-883.
  16. Midtvedt, T. (2012). The gut: A triggering place for autism – possibilities and challenges. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 23, eCollection.
  17. Afzal, N., Murch, S., Thirrupathy, K., Berger, L., Fagbemi, A., & Heuschkel, R. (2003). Constipation with acquired megarectum in children with autism. Pediatrics, 112(4), 939-942.

Autism and Melatonin

Autism and Mycotoxins

Benefits of Omega 3 and Vitamin D in ASD

Vitamin A and D in ASD

Special Diets

Modified Ketogenic Diet in ASD

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